Brick Walls – A Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy

Some Thoughts on the Parentage of Jefferson Force (1833-1910)

Kris Hocker on 27 Dec 2020

My third great grandfather Jefferson Force is my most frustrating brickwall ancestor. He was born 9 December 1833 and died 20 October 1910 in Pine Glen, Burnside Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania¹ and was buried in the cemetery just down the road from where my grandmother’s family lived.² He married Susan Mulhollan in 1857³ and they had a family of 14 children, three of whom died as infants.

Nothing is really known about Jefferson’s ancestry. He first appears in the 1860 U.S. census in Burnside Township and remains in the township’s records through his death in 1910. At no point is there so much as a hint of his parentage in the record. His death certificate simply says “don’t know” under the names of father and mother.

Siblings?

Several other Forces—who I’ve taken as possible siblings—can be found in the 1850 census for Centre County. They appear in a number of disparate households:

• George W. Force (b. ca 1829/30) in the William & Mary Tate family, Spring Township
• Martin V. Force (b. ca 1835/36) in the John M & Mary Barnhart family, Howard Township
• David Force (b. ca 1835/36) in the Jackson & Elizabeth Watson family, Howard Township
• Agnes Force (b. ca 1839/40) in the George & Amey Cline family, Howard Township
• Philip Force (b. ca 1840/41) in the John & Barbara Neidic (Neidie?) family, Liberty Township

Assuming that these are all children of the same family, the parents must have married prior to 1829 and most likely died sometime between 1841 and 1850. If one or both parents were still alive in 1850, then they were unable to care for their children for some reason.

Isaac and Polly

A descendant of Agnes informed me that the names Isaac and Polly Force were handwritten on a Bible page that belonged to Agnes. DNA testing has shown that Agnes—and Martin V.—were related to Jefferson, probably his siblings. So, Isaac and Polly would also be Jefferson and Martin’s parents if the notation is correct.

I’ve seen this couple identified online as Isaac Force (1785-1843 or 1859) and Phebe Crowell (1789-1841), who married 20 March 1813 in Essex County, New Jersey.⁴ Isaac was allegedly the son of Isaac Force and Hannah Ward and 2G grandson of Matthew Force and Elizabeth Palmer.

I have a cluster of AncestryDNA matches that I’ve traced back to Benjamin, Thomas, and Mark, sons of Matthew and Elizabeth, plus a number that trace back to Forces that I can’t connect further back.

So far, this is consistent with Isaac and Phebe being the parents of Jefferson et al.

Questions and Conflicts

However, the more I research Isaac Force and Phebe Crowell, the more uncertain I am about them being Jefferson’s parents.

When I compare the birth years of those possible siblings of Jefferson to those of Isaac and Phebe, I see that the couple would have been 44 and 40, respectively, at the birth of George W. (born 1829), and 54 and 50 at the birth of Agnes and Philip (born 1839). While certainly not impossible, it’s pushing the limits. Furthermore, since they married in 1813, one would expect to see children born starting about 1815 or so. If there were older children, why weren’t any of those in the 1850 census found in a Force household?

Furthermore, Isaac allegedly died in 1843 in Pennsylvania, but other information shows he died 20 September 1859, and that both he and Phebe were buried in Ithaca. ⁵ Census records show an Isaac Force, aged 40-50, in Ithaca in 1840 with only a female, aged 40-50—presumably his wife Phebe.⁶ The 1830 census for Ithaca also shows an Isaac Force, aged 40-50, with one female, aged 40-50, and one male, aged 10-15.⁷

Neither of these records is consistent with a couple that had children between 1829 and 1839. Nor have I seen evidence of this Isaac in Centre County, Pennsylvania. Why would the children be in Centre County, Pennsylvania if the parents were in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York?

There are a couple of possibilities based on this information:

Ithaca Isaac and Phebe are NOT a match to Isaac and Polly, but ARE the couple married in 1813
Ithaca Isaac and Phebe are NOT a match to Isaac and Polly and are NOT the couple married in 1813
Ithaca Isaac and Phebe ARE a match to Isaac and Polly, but NOT the parents of the Centre County Force children from the 1850 census
Ithaca Isaac and Phebe ARE a match to Isaac and Polly AND somehow related to the Centre County Force children from the 1850 census, but are NOT the parents
The Centre County Force children—except Jefferson, Martin V. and Agnes—are NOT all siblings (explains age discrepancy) AND some of them belong to Isaac and Polly

At this point, I’m at a loss. I’m inclined to believe that Isaac Force and Phebe Crowell are NOT Jefferson’s parents, but are somehow related. It’s possible that another Isaac and his wife Polly were Jefferson’s parents, but I’ve yet to see evidence of them in any records outside the Bible page belonging to Agnes (Force) Shope (which I haven’t seen).

Based on the DNA, however, I’m fairly certain that Jefferson is a descendant of Matthew and Elizabeth (Palmer) Force. The question, of course, is how.

Persistence Pays Off? Maybe. Maybe Not.

Kris Hocker on 13 Sep 2013

I wrote previously about finding information that Adam P. Hocker, son of George and Margaret (Prevost) Hocker of Buckingham County, Virginia, had served in the Company E of the 20th Virginia Infantry (Lee’s Guards) during the Civil War and died at the Battle of Rich Mountain. However, information I’ve recently located calls that into doubt.

The 1860 census indicates that Adam P. Hocker was a miller.¹ This is fitting as I found an account, dated 8 May 1863, for the purchase of 180½ bushels of wheat by the Confederate Army in which “Mr. A.P. Hocker” was dissatisfied with the price of $487.35.² A further note from 24 July 1863, signed by A.P. Hocker indicates that he received $812.25 for his wheat. On 19 January 1864, Adam appointed William Hocker as his attorney to receive any money due him from the Commissionary department of the Confederate States. So, during the war Adam was working as a miller and supplying wheat to the Confederate army.

Additionally, in looking up the members of Company E, 20th Virginia Infantry, the only name that looks close to “Hocker” was that of “E.T. Hocher.” E.T. signed up for 12 months service in Buckingham County on 20 May 1861 and appears on the muster roll for 30 June to 10 September 1861.³ The Battle of Rich Mountain occurred 11 July through 13 July 1861 in Randolph County, [West] Virginia.⁴ So, he likely would have been a participant at the battle.

I believe that “E.T. Hocher” may have been Edmund T. Hocker, son of George and Margaret (Prevost) Hocker and youngest brother of Adam P. Hocker. Ed reenlisted in the war on 9 February 1862 with Company H, 22nd Battalion of Virginia volunteers to serve the whole war.⁵ Subsequent records show him as Edmund T., Edward T. and E.T. Hocker. The muster rolls show him as serving through 1865 though he was injured 1 July 1863. Ed also survived the war, appearing in the 1880 census with the Nathan Payne family in the Slate River district in Buckingham County, Virginia.⁶ He died 23 December 1891.⁷

Adam’s brother, Amos H. Hocker, also served in Civil War. He enlisted on 7 February 1862 for one year as a private in Company K, 2nd Regiment Virginia Artillery.⁸ This regiment disbanded in May 1862. Amos then enlisted on 28 July 1862 for 6 months in Company C, 25th Battalion VA Infantry.⁹ He actually served through 1865. He was hospitalized for rheumatism from July to September in 1863. He also requested a 25-day furlough on 30 August 1864, but was present with his unit in November and December. He was apparently captured by the Union on 6 April 1865 in Nottoway County, Virginia—possibly at Sailor’s Creek when General Sheridan cut off nearly a quarter of the retreating Confederate Army—and sent to Point Lookout, Maryland. He was released on 13 June 1865.

So, it doesn’t look like Adam served in Company E of the 20th Virginia Infantry and didn’t die in the Battle of Rich Mountain. So, what happened to him?

The answer may lie in his brother Amos’ letter requesting a furlough in August 1864. Here’s what he wrote:

Camp 25 Va Batt

Chaffin’s Farm/30 Aug 1864

Col.

I respectfully ask a Furlough for Twenty-five Days under the following circumstances, to go to Buckingham County [?] my Father died during last year & willed me an amount in money, one third of which [I know not] between $5000 & $6000 I have already lost by reason of the act of Congress reducing the currency & my not being able to obtain a Furlough at the time to make an investment, one of my brothers has since died & left important business requiring my attention; the remnant of money left me was invested in Court Bonds, which the Shff informed me will now be paid & has avised [sic] to come & received the same I desire to make a permant [sic] investment of these funds which is the object of this application. I saw Genl. Ewell on yesterday & stated these facts to him who voluntary consented to approve Furlough for the time asked.

Very Respectfully

Yr Obs. Svt.

A.H. Hocker

Co. C 25 VA Batt

Did you see that? He wrote: “one of my brothers has since died…” Both of his younger brothers George W. and Edmund T. survived the war. Thus, Adam P. Hocker—his only other brother—died sometime shortly before 30 August 1864.

Persistence does pay off; but often it’s in unexpected ways.

Mystery Monday: In Search of My Hershey Family Connection

Kris Hocker on 9 Sep 2013

I’ve been focusing recently on some of my female ancestors for whom I have little or no information. With surnames like Leedy, Frantz, Landis and Hershey, these are well-established—and I would have thought—well-documented families. When it comes to my ancestors, not so much.

Take my 5x great grandmother Mary (Hershey) Hocker, for example. According to my information, “Sophia Maria Hershey” was born on 5 August 1769 and died sometime after her husband Johan Adam Hocker Jr. (died 1821), but before the final settlement of his estate on 1 April 1839.¹ I’ve only seen her as “Mary Hocker” in documents, so I’m not sure about the name Sophia. I’ve been able to find out nothing about about her family.

About Adam and Mary

Although, I presume she and Adam were married prior to December 1787—their first child was born in August 1788—I do not have a marriage date or location for them. Adam was living in Harrisburg by that time.² However, they could have met in Lancaster County before he left home.

Between their marriage and the late 1790s, Adam and Mary lived in Harrisburg.³ Adam was listed as a tavern owner, cordweiner, and tanner in tax lists during this period.⁴ They had five children before 1800: John, Anna Barbara, George, Jacob, and Benjamin.⁵

By 1797, the family had likely moved out of town to Derry Township as their fourth son Jacob was baptized on 12 February 1797 in Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hummelstown.⁶ Adam owned a farm near Hummelstown, along Swatara Creek. The couple had three more children while living in Derry Township: Johan Adam (III), Benjamin, and Elizabeth.⁷

Adam died in November 1821.⁸ In Dec 1821, Jacob Hocker was appointed guardian of his younger brothers, Adam and Benjamin.⁹ Adam’s estate was divvied up amongst his heirs with land in Derry Township going to sons John and Jacob, and land in Swatara Township going to sons George and Adam. John and Jacob eventually sold their piece to their youngest brother Benjamin before they left Pennsylvania for Ohio.¹⁰

Religion

Adam Hacker was a Lutheran. He was baptized in Emanuel Lutheran Church in Brickerville and was confirmed there in 1780.¹¹ He was a deacon at Salem Lutheran Church in Harrisburg in 1790 and 1793. His connection to the Lutheran Church is consistent throughout his life.

I’m not certain about Mary’s religion. Her children were baptized Lutheran—Anna and George in Salem Lutheran in Harrisburg¹² and Jacob in Zion Evangelical Lutheran in Hummelstown—and she was buried with her husband in the Lutheran church cemetery in Hummelstown. However, the early Hershey family were known to be Mennonites. Given her birth year of 1769, Mary would have been born to the first or second generation of Pennsylvanian Hersheys. It’s very likely that she grew up in a Mennonite household, assuming, of course, that her maiden name actually was Hershey.

Not all the Hersheys remained Mennonites. For instance, Johannes “John” B. Hershey was the son of a Mennonite minister, was himself a Mennonite minister, but left the faith to become an integral part of the United Brethren in Christ church. What’s particularly interesting about this is that Adam and Mary Hocker’s eldest son John left the Lutheran church—his two eldest children were baptized at Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hummelstown¹³—and became a minister for the River Brethren (aka Brethren in Christ) in Randolph Township, Montgomery County, Ohio.¹⁴

While I don’t believe these are the same church, they both originated in the German spiritual revival of the late 1700s and the leaders of both were originally Mennonites.¹⁵ I wonder what led John Hocker to change religions. Obviously, he felt very strongly to not only leave the church he was raised in, but to become a minister in his new church, too. Perhaps, he was influenced by a member of his mother’s family? It’s certainly something to think about.

Conclusion

I’ve not been able to find a “Sophia Maria” or even an unidentified Mary in available Hershey family information. I don’t know that she actually was a Hershey since I have no source for Wingeard’s information.

If you have information on Mary’s parentage or insight into the Hershey family, please drop me a line. I’d love to hear what you have to say.

Update

Looking through my database, I found an interesting bit of information. John Hocker’s daughter, Christianna, married John Hershey, son of Jacob and Maria (Hertzler) Hershey, in Montgomery County, Ohio on 21 Oct 1852. John Hershey was a descendant of Jacob and Barbara (Hiestand) Hershey of Lancaster County and his parents Andrew and Maria (Acker) Hershey.

Mystery Monday: Christopher Hocker (1772—?)

Kris Hocker on 17 Sep 2012

Another family mystery, yet another man named Christopher (or Christian)!

Christopher Hocker was born about 1772 at Erdenheim, Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania to Johan Georg and Anna Margaretha (Weidman) Hocker.¹ He most likely had a fairly privileged upbringing as his father owned a sizable estate just outside Germantown. George Hocker was a trustee at St. Michael’s Lutheran Church in Germantown and was involved in the creation of the Union Church in Whitemarsh Township.

Christopher married well, selecting as his bride Catherine Daub, daughter of Henry Daub Sr. of Montgomery County. They were married at St. Michael’s Lutheran Church on 10 Apr 1792.² Henry Daub Sr. built the Sandy Run hotel, later known as the Clifton House, in 1801 and owned and operated the mill just opposite the hotel.³

Christopher appears in the tax lists of Whitemarsh Township from 1793 through 1800 when his name was crossed out.⁴ He likely had at least two children born during this time period. Samuel and Elizabeth Hocker, of Christoph Hocker and wife, were baptized on 31 Mar 1809.⁵ Samuel was 16 years old (born circa 1793) and Elizabeth was 17 years old (born circa 1792).

In 1805, Daub sold the tavern and 25 acres of his Sandy Run property to his son-in-law Christopher Hocker.⁶ According to deed records, Christopher (Innkeeper) purchased a lot in Whitemarsh Township from the daughters of Jacob Edge on 1 Apr 1807.⁷ On 5 Apr 1808, Christopher (Farmer) and Catharine Hocker sold this land to Daniel Hitner.⁸

Apparently, Christopher was not successful as a tavern-keeper. In 1808, he also gave up the property he’d purchased from his father-in-law to assignees John Wentz, George Price, and Samuel Maulsby. According to family legend, Christopher found himself in debt and fled to Ohio.⁹ There, Christopher Hocker supposedly had a child, George Washington Hocker, born on 16 Aug 1814, supposedly with a second wife.¹⁰ I have yet to find record of Christopher in Ohio or the name of his second wife.

If Christopher did remarry, it was apparently done without a divorce from or the death of his first wife Catharine. Henry Daub’s will, written 19 Jun 1813 and proved 3 Aug 1816, refers to his daughter Catharine as the wife of Christopher Hocker.¹¹ I believe she was alive and quite possibly living with her mother in Whitemarsh Township in 1830.¹² She is still referred to as the wife of Christian Hocker as of Aug 1836 when John Hocker, her nephew, was appointed as her trustee in her father’s estate proceedings.¹³ I have not found her in the 1850 census, nor have I found a death date or place, but it is quite possible that she died prior to 1855 when the estate was finalized.¹⁴

Christopher was named as one of the surviving children in his father’s estate files in 1821.¹⁵ The 1823 auditor’s report mentions a bond to Christopher Hocker that was “more than his share.”¹⁶ There is no location given for Christopher in these files, nor is there any indication that he appeared in court in person during the proceedings.

So, while I may not know where Christopher was in 1821 and 1823, at least I know he was still alive. I’ve still got a lot to find before I can solve this mystery. If you’ve any suggestions or clues, please, please, please send them my way!

Update: Catharine (Daub) Hocker died 13 April 1841 and was buried in the Union Church graveyard in Whitemarsh Township.

Loose Leaves: Unaligned Hacker/Hockers in My Family Database

Kris Hocker on 7 Apr 2012

I’ve been working on my Hacker/Hocker family book recently and am wondering what to do with the unconnected Hacker and Hocker families in my database. Ideally, I’d like to be able to trace them back and identify parents and other family members. Realistically, I may not be able to do so.

For the purposes of the book, I’ll most likely include them in either separate chapters or appendices. In the past I’ve shared some of these families here on the website. I thought I’d list out these families in hope that someone out there recognizes them and might have some clues to offer…

Adam and Eve (Hamaker) Hocker

Adam Hocker was born 19 October 1812 and died 26 September 1870. He was buried in Churchville Cemetery in Oberlin, Swatara Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. On 22 February 1838, he married Eve Hamaker, daughter of Adam and Magdalena (Snavely) Hamaker of Derry Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. She was born 24 June 1817 and died 14 November 1892. She was buried with her husband in Churchville Cemetery. The family lived in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania.

Adam and Eve (Hamaker) Hocker had children:

Jacob H. Hocker (10 Jan 1839-1 Mar 1911) m1. Catharine Eshnour (ca 1838-31 Dec 1862), m2. Barbara A. Leonhart
John Hocker (17 Jan 1841-18 Feb 1905) m. Rebecca Brenner (26 Nov 1842-19 Jul 1928)
Adam H. Hocker (15 Jan 1843-11 Jun 1902) m. Martha Shope
Mary Elizabeth Hocker (ca 1844/5-?) m. George Cumbler (31 Oct 1841-14 Apr 1904)
Sarah Hocker (19 Sep 1848-13 Apr 1930) m. Peter Page
Dr. David R. Hocker (1 Dec 1850-21 Nov 1887) m. Hettie Esther Rudy (3 Jan 1854-11 May 1894)
Malinda Hocker (Jan 1853-aft 1920) m. Wilson G. Smith
Martin M. Hocker (15 May 1855-25 Apr ?) m. Mary Elizabeth Marbuger (9 Apr 1856-5 Aug 1918)
Anna C. Hocker (1859/60-?) m. Charles Leonhart

John and Sarah (Beinhower) Hocker

John Hocker was born 6 July 1815 and died 21 January 1882 in Swatara Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. He was buried in Churchville Cemetery. On 3 December 1835, he married Sarah Beinhower, daughter of John Peter and Mary Ann (Smith) Beinhower). She was born 12 January 1814 and died 12 November 1901. She, too, was buried in Churchville Cemetery. The family lived in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania.

John and Sarah (Beinhower) Hocker had one child:

Maria Ann/Anna Maria Hocker (2 Jan 1840-11 Sep 1873/83) m. Christian Gingrich (4 Mar 1837-8 Sep 1886)

Note: Adam and John Hocker were mistakenly identified as children of John Hocker (Adam⁴ Jr., Hans Adam³, Christoph², Stephen¹) in William Wingeard’s Hacker/Hocker genealogy. I subsequently discovered that John’s sons—Adam and John Jr.—went to Ohio with the family circa 1835 and settled in Montgomery County.

Jacob and Maria (Krieg) Hacker

Jacob Hacker was born 28 September 1803 in Lancaster County and died 26 July 1873. He was buried in Emanuel Lutheran Church cemetery in Brickerville, Elizabeth Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Circa 1841, he married Maria Krieg, daughter of John Elias and Anna Maria (Gibbons) Krieg. She was born 5 August 1819 and died 22 March 1898. The family lived in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

Jacob and Maria (Krieg) Hacker had children:

William Harvey Hacker (ca 1841-bef 1873)
Elias K. Hacker (Jun 1845-6 Nov 1920) m. Isabella Weidman (11 Nov 1846-31 Jan 1912)
Allen K. Hacker (31 Mar/1 Apr 1847-24 Mar 1928) m. Lydia Eitnier (5 Sep 1850-12 Jul 1925)
Martin Kissinger Hacker (25 Jan 1850-16 Nov 1906) m. Annie Kissinger (27 Jun 1863-5 Apr 1894), m2. Sadie Bates (Jan 1881-aft 1915)
Henry K. Hacker (16 Sep 1852-3 Oct 1925) m. Kate (___)
Benjamin K. Hacker (Apr 1856-1938) m. Annie H. (___)

Jacob R. and Sarah (___) Hacker

Jacob R. Hacker was born 26 August 1838 and died 16 February 1906 in Ephrata. He was buried in Bowman’s Cemetery in Ephrata. Circa 1870, he married Sarah (___). She was born 6 February 1849 and died 26 July 1921. The family lived in Lancaster and Lebanon counties.

Jacob R. and Sarah (___) Hacker had children:

Franklin K. Hacker (ca Dec 1870-1952) m. Maggie M. Rishel (ca Sep 1876-1957)
Amanda K. Hacker (ca 1872-?) m. John S. Turner (ca 1873/4-?)
Jacob Hacker (Feb 1879-aft 1910)
Emma K. Hacker (Dec 1883-?) m. Frank A. Crall (ca 1881-?)
Annie K. Hacker ( May 1886-?) m. William I. Mull (ca 1885-?)
Elizabeth Hacker (Nov 1888-?)
Lottie Hacker (27 Aug 1892-11 Nov 1895)

Rev. Dr. Thomas Jefferson and Susan (Meckly) Hacker

Thomas Jefferson Hacker was born 24 September 1854 in Lincoln, Lancaster County and died 4 March 1924 in Wyomissing, Berks County. He was the son of Levi and Harriet (Yagle) Hacker. Circa 1874/5, he married Susan Meckly, daughter of William and Lucinda (___) Meckly. She was born 25 December 1855 and died 31 January 1943. The couple are both buried in Bergstrasse Cemetery in Ephrata.

T.J. and Susan (Meckly) Hacker had one child, a son:

Dr. Oswald William Hacker (24 Oct 1875-14 Jul 1915)

Maurice Elwood and Margaret Wilhelmina (Murray) Hacker

Maurice Elwood Hacker was born 28 July 1868 in Akron, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and died 21 Dec 1915. He was buried in Mt. Tunnel Cemetery in Elizabethtown. On 23 February 1894, he married Margaret Wilhelmina Murray in Lancaster County. She was born 22 September 1870 and died 3 January 1955. She, too, was buried in Mt. Tunnel Cemetery.
The couple had children:

Ida M. Hacker (ca 1897-?) m. Joseph J. Faltine?
Margaret S. Hacker (ca 1899-?)
Maurice M. Hacker (27 Oct 1900-27 May 1901)
Harry F. Hacker (ca 1902-?)
Florence M. Hacker (ca 1905-?)
Frederick C. Hacker (26 Jun 1908-2 Dec 1908)
John E. Hacker (28 Jul 1910-11 Aug 1996)

In addition to these families, there are several from Wingeard’s genealogy that I’m researching and wondering about, questioning their placement in the family tree. More on them later.

Do you have Hacker/Hockers from Pennsylvania that you’re researching? Drop me a line and tell me all about them.

Identifying the Children of Johan George Hacker

Kris Hocker on 3 Apr 2012

Recently, I’ve been dedicating some time to updating and ~~revising~~ rewriting my great uncle William Wingeard’s A German-American Hacker-Hocker Genealogy. Because Bill did not footnote his data, I’ve had to redo quite a bit of research that he’d already done. Additionally, I have done quite a bit of new research and I’m trying to add that to the book, as well.

In the first edition, Bill did not include any information on Johan “Hans” Adam Hacker’s son Johan George (1766-1846). Fortunately, I have found some information on my 6 times great uncle. Unfortunately, it’s causing some consternation as I try to determine whether it actually refers to Johan George, son of Adam, or George, son of Frederick—Johan’s George’s older brother.

Johan George Hacker (1766-1846)

Most of the information that I’ve located on Johan George can be found on his page in the “My Family” section of the site. I won’t repeat it here.

The problem I’m running into is in trying to identify his children. I have one definite child—Joseph Hacker (1816-1891). His baptism record lists Johan George and Christina Hacker as his parents and Christopher and Ann Miller as his sponsors. This is consistent with Johan George’s data, including his association with his brother-in-law Christopher Miller.

I also found a communion list from 1825 that lists what appears to be Johan George and Christina with two daughters—Catharina and Elisabetha. Three other Hackers—George, Peter, and Lydia—are listed with those receiving confirmation.

6 Nov 1825, Communion List at Salem Lutheran Church

I’m wondering if the George, Peter and Lydia listed are Johan George and Christina’s children. There are no other Hackers listed in the communion list and it seems plausible that Johan George and Christina would want to see their children confirmed. I know little about the confirmation process in the Lutheran or Reformed Church, but if I recall correctly my friends who were confirmed did so at about the age of 14 years. Assuming that there could be some leeway to either side, that would put the birth years for George, Peter and Lydia as approximately 1810-1815 (aged 10-15).

According to the 1810 census record for Johan George in Cocalico Township, his family was composed of the following members:¹

1 male under 10 (George or Peter?)
1 male 16-26 (?)
1 male 26-46 (George)
2 females under 10 (Catharina?, Elisabetha?)
1 female 26-45 (Christina)

So far, this looks a good match for these children belonging to Johan George and Christina. Let’s look at the 1820 census enumeration for the family:²

2 white males up to 10 (Joseph?, Peter?)
1 white male 16 to 18 (George?)
1 white male 16 to 26 (same as 16 to 18)
1 white male 45 & up (George)
1 white female up to 10 (Lydia?)
2 white females 10 to 16 (Catharina?, Elisabetha?)
1 white female 26 to 45 (Christina)

Again, it seems plausible that George, Peter, Lydia, Catharina and Elisabetha were the children of Johan George and Christina (Miller) Hacker. Joseph, born in 1816, would likely have been too young for confirmation in 1825.

George Hocker (1785/90-?)

However, George’s nephew, George Hocker—son of Frederick Hacker—allegedly had sons named George and Peter and a daughter Christina. I say allegedly, because Bill included the information in his book, but did not include his source for this information, making it difficult to verify.

From what I can tell he may have posited them as children from the 1840 census enumeration of Ephrata Township. In 1840, there are four Hacker families in Ephrata Township—George Hacker, George Hacker Sr., John Hacker, and Peter Hacker. Here are their households:

George Hocker³	George Hocker Sr.⁴	John Hocker⁵	Peter Hocker⁶
2 males <5 1 male 10 to 15 2 males 20 to 30 1 male 30 to 40 2 females <5 1 female 10 to 15 1 female 20 to 30	1 male 15 to 20 1 male 20 to 30 1 male 30 to 40 1 male 50 to 60 1 female 15 to 20 1 female 30 to 40	1 male 20 to 30 2 males 30 to 40 1 male 50 to 60 1 female 15 to 20 1 female 20 to 30 1 female 50 to 60	1 male <5 1 male 10 to 15 1 male 20 to 30 2 females <5 1 female 5 to 10 1 female 20 to 30

Neither of the two Georges appears to be a match to Johan George Hacker, both men being too young. They could be George Hocker, son of Frederick, and his alleged son, George Hocker Jr., with a few extra household members. Peter Hocker’s household is a good match to that of Peter and Hannah (Reinhold) Hacker of Lancaster County.

If so, what were they doing back in Lancaster County? And is proximity enough to identify them as immediate family?

George received his father’s property after Frederick died in 1812 and his older brother John refused it. George sold the property in 1813 and purchased property in Lower Paxton Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania in 1814.⁷ George and his wife Elizabeth had children baptized at Zion Lutheran Church in Harrisburg in 1814 (Catharina) and 1817 (Sarah). They also had children baptized at Shoop’s Church in 1819 (Andrew), 1821 (Daniel), and 1824 (Eli).

According to my family members, George’s property was in the southwest corner of Lower Paxton, near where Lower Paxton, Susquehanna and Upper Swatara townships meet. I found one tax record for George Hocker in Lower Paxton Township in 1813. I found multiple tax records for Susquehanna Township for George Hocker between 1816 and 1829.

I believe I found George Hocker in Upper Swatara Township in the 1830 census. The household included:

2 males 5 to 10 (Daniel, Eli)
1 male 10 to 15 (Andrew)
1 male 20 to 30 (George or Peter?)
1 male 30 to 40 (?)
1 male 40 to 50 (George Sr.)
1 female < 10 (?)
2 females 10 to 15 (Sarah, Catharina)
1 female 15 to 20 (?)
1 female 40 to 50 (Elizabeth)

I also found records of a George Hocker as a tenant taxed in Upper Swatara in 1830 through 1832, and 1834 where his name is crossed out and removed written in.

I haven’t found gravestones for George or Elizabeth, so he may have moved back to Lancaster County. The evidence places him in Dauphin County until at least 1834, then I have no more data until the possible 1840 census enumeration. If George did move back to Lancaster County, not all of his family went with him. Two of his children were married in Salem Reformed Church in Harrisburg in 1840. Andrew Hocker married Susan Wannamacher on 27 Aug 1840.⁸ Sarah Hocker married Jacob Ruth on 12 Nov 1840.⁹

The Commemorative Biographical Encyclopedia, Dauphin County states that Joseph Hocker, son of George and Mary “Polly” (Brubaker) Hocker, was born in Lancaster County on 19 Feb 1839.¹⁰ That would make him one of the 2 males under 5 years old in the 1840 census enumeration for George Hocker in Ephrata Township. But this isn’t enough to prove that George was the son of George Sr. and grandson of Frederick Hacker.

By 1850, George and Mary “Polly” (Brubaker) Hocker were in Susquehanna Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania and they remained in this area until their deaths in 1872. Both were buried in Dauphin County, perhaps in Crum’s cemetery. Today their tombstones can be found in Shoop’s Cemetery in Lower Paxton Township.¹¹ George and Polly (Brubaker) Hocker have similarities of location to George and Elizabeth (Hassler) Hocker. It’s possible that George Sr. moved back to Lancaster County where he’d grown up and George Jr. eventually moved back to Dauphin County where he’d grown up.

Conclusions?

So, while this is all very interesting information, it doesn’t help me to identify Johan George’s children. If George, Peter and Lydia, Catharina, and Elisabetha were the children of Johan George and Christina (Miller) Hacker, what happened to them? Do the 1840 enumerations of Ephrata Township refer to this George and Peter or to George Hocker’s children—if they were, indeed, his children?

At this point, I don’t have any answers. Baptismal records for the early 1800s—specifically from 1804 through 1815—may help identify the parentage of Catharina, Elisabetha, George, Peter and Lydia. Tax records for Lebanon (1810—1825) and Lancaster (1820—1846) counties may help to pinpoint Johan George’s exact location and whether or not George Hocker moved back circa 1834. I’m hoping I can find some evidence.

Oh, did I mention that Frederick’s eldest son John also had a son named George and daughter named Lydia?! Wish me luck.

James Buchanan: An Update and a Brother?

Kris Hocker on 31 Jan 2012

A while back I wrote about what I had learned about my ancestor James Buchanan. I wasn’t sure if all the information I’d found pertained to the same man. I’m still not sure, but I have new information to ponder.

Elizabeth (Buchanan) Bonnington?

My ancestress Elizabeth Buchanan married Peter Purvis Bonnington on 17 Jun 1864 at Bloomyhall, Junipergreen, in the parish of Colinton, Edinburgh.¹ According to this document, her parents were James Buchanan, a miner, and Sarah (Craig) Buchanan, deceased. Elizabeth died 13 May 1928 in Crown Terrace, in the parish of Prestonpans, East Lothian, Scotland, and her death record names her parents as James Buchanan, coal miner, and Elizabeth (Craig) Buchanan.² Her son Peter was the informant for the document. I’ve not been able to locate a birth record for Elizabeth (Buchanan) Bonnington, quite possibly because I’m not sure where she was born. (Please see notes.)

The only record I’ve been able to find that includes the entire Buchanan family is the 1851 Scottish census. The census enumeration for Cambusnethan parish, Lanarkshire includes the following:³

James Buchanan, head, age 39, coal miner, born Ireland
Saly Craig Buchanan, wife, age 41, born Ireland
Elizabeth Buchanan, dau, age 6, born Ireland
Sarah Buchanan, dau, age 4, born Ireland
Mary Buchanan, mother, widow, age 56, born Ireland

This image from the next page of the census records shows these members of the household:

Robert Collins, lodger, age 20, coal miner, born Wigton, Old House
Alexander Buchanan, lodger, age 22, coal miner, born Ireland
John Hilly, lodger, age 17, coal miner, born Ireland

Of note from this census entry is the fact that all the Buchanans listed are born in Ireland. Also, James Buchanan’s mother was named Mary, and there’s also an Alexander Buchanan living in the household. Is he related to James and Mary? Perhaps a brother to James? It’s not possible to know for sure from this census entry alone.

I believe I found the Buchanans in the 1861 census in the village of Polkemmet, Bathgate parish, Linlithgow, Scotland. If so, James’ family was reduced to just himself and his daughter Sarah. They were enumerated in James Smart’s household, as follows:⁴

James Buchanan, lodger, widowed, 37, coal miner, born Ireland
Sarah Buchanan, dau, 14, born Ireland

Although it’s troubling to me that James is somehow 2 years younger than he was 10 years earlier, all the other details match. He’s a coal miner, born in Ireland with a daughter named Sarah, whose age and birthplace match those of the 1851 family. Elizabeth was apparently living with a family in Edinburgh and working as a dairymaid.⁵

Sarah (Craig) Buchanan apparently died sometime between 1851 and 1861. Her daughter Elizabeth’s marriage record reports Sarah as deceased by 1864⁶, so again this census record is a possible match to known information. I haven’t yet been able to find a death record for Sarah so I haven’t been able to find her actual date of death. It’s also possible that Mary Buchanan, James’ mother, died during this period as well.

Alexander Buchanan—the Brother?

The Alexander Buchanan found in James’ household in 1851 was quite likely enumerated in Chapelhall, Bothwell parish, Lanark, Scotland in 1861. His family was enumerated living on Bigger Road as follows:⁷

Alexander Bouchanan, head, married, age 31, Ironstone miner, born Ireland
Elizabeth Bouchanan, wife, married, age 28, born Ireland
Sarah Bouchanan, dau, age 8, born Neilston, Renfrew
Mary Bouchanan, dau, age 6, born Bothwell, Lanark
Cathrine Bouchanan, dau, age 4, born Bothwell, Lanark
Elisabeth Bouchanan, dau, age 2, born Bothwell, Lanark
John Bouchanan, son, age under 1 mo, born Bothwell, Lanark

A search for these children in the FamilySearch.org Scotland Births and Baptisms, 1564—1950 database revealed that Alexander Buchanan and Elizabeth Kelly had children: Mary (b. 1855), Catharine (b. 1857), Elizabeth (b. 1859) and William (b. 1865)—a match for three of the five children in the census record.

Bothwell parish records showed that Alexander Buchanan married Elizabeth Kelly of Neilston parish on 18 Apr 1852.⁸ They were of Neilston parish when “Alexander Buchanan and Elizabeth Kelly spouses Neilston had their first child being a daughter born on the 21st of February and baptized on the 13th of March named Sarah Craig.”⁹ This, too, matches the census record.

Sometime between 1853 and 1855, Alex and Elizabeth must have moved their family back to Bothwell parish. According to the census enumeration the younger children—Mary, Catharine, Elizabeth, and John—were all born in Bothwell parish between 1855 and 1861. Later census records include more information for birthplace, including:¹⁰ Chapelhall (Mary), Mossend (Catharine), Coatbridge (Elizabeth), Chapelhall (John), Longlee (Robert), Cuilhill (William).

Alexander was injured in a mining accident at Heathery Knowe Number 2 (Heathery Knowe Mining Company) in Cuilhill on 11 March 1867. He died 3 hours later from his injuries.¹¹ His death record lists his wife as Elizabeth Kelly. Alexander’s parents were listed as John Buchanan (farmer, deceased) and Mary Buchanan, maiden surname Irvine (deceased). The informant for the record—James Buchanan, brother.

Conclusions

So, were James and Alexander brothers? There are several facts that support that conclusion:

Alexander Buchanan was living with James Buchanan’s family and mother Mary in 1851.
Alexander Buchanan named his eldest daughter Sarah Craig—after his brother’s wife? Maybe.
James Buchanan was the informant for Alexander Buchanan’s 1867 death record. The record says that James was Alexander’s brother.
John and Mary (Irvine) Buchanan are listed as Alexander’s parents in his 1867 death record. John and Mary (Erwin/Irvine) Buchanan are also listed as James’ parents in his 1863 marriage to Margaret Tatlock and his 1888 death record.
John (b. ca 1861, Bothwell), Robert (b. ca 1863/4, Longlee) and William (b. ca 1865/66, Old Monkland) Buchanan are living with James and Margaret Buchanan in Shotts, Lanark in 1881.¹² They match in name, birth date and birthplace the sons of Alexander Buchanan and are identified as James’ nephews in the census enumeration.
Elizabeth (Buchanan) Bonnington named her third son Alexander. Her first son was named William James—presumably after Peter’s father William and her father James. Her second son was named Peter, presumably after her husband. Her fourth and fifth sons were named Robert, presumably after her husband’s brother or uncle. And her last son was named Craig, presumably in honor of her mother Sarah (Craig) Buchanan who died before Elizabeth turned 16.

Additionally, one of the various birthplaces listed for Elizabeth (Buchanan) Bonnington in the records is Neilston, Renfrewshire—Elizabeth Kelly’s “home” parish and where Alexander’s first child—Sarah Craig Buchanan—was born and baptized.

I may have even answered the question of whether the James Buchanan who married Margaret Tatlock was the father of Elizabeth. The main impediment to establishing a connection has been James Buchanan’s age as reported in the records. Here are the ages listed in documents pertaining to “James Buchanan:”

Age 39 (b. ca 1812, Ireland) in the 1851 census¹³
Age 37 (b. ca 1824, Ireland) in the 1861 census¹⁴
Age 39 (b. ca 1824, Ireland) in his 1863 marriage record¹⁵
Age 57 (b. ca 1814, Ireland) in the 1871 census¹⁶
Age 36 (b. ca 1845, Ireland) in the 1881 census¹⁷
Age 66 (b. ca 1822, Ireland) in his 1888 death record¹⁸

The 1881 census—a transcription—is so different from the other ages that I can only conclude it was a transcription error or an enumeration error especially when compared to the age on his death record just seven years later. The age differences place his birth around either 1812/14 or 1822/24. Ten years is not a minor difference and seems to indicate that these records are for different men.

However, there are enough consistencies and connections—particularly if you conclude that Alexander was his brother—to make a case that they are, in fact, the same man. The records consistently name his occupation as a coal or ironstone miner and his birthplace as Ireland.

Alexander was living with James and Sarah (Craig) Buchanan in 1851. Alexander’s sons were living with their uncle James and his wife Margaret in 1881. Alexander and James (d. 1888) have the same parents—John and Mary (Erwin/Irvine) Buchanan. Furthermore, when James married Margaret Tatlock in 1863, his marriage record notes that he was a widower. Sarah (Craig) Buchanan died prior to 1864 and most likely prior to 1861—quite possibly before 1853 when Alexander’s daughter Sarah Craig was born.

In 1871 and 1881, James and family were apparently living in Coltness Iron Company housing. Coltness also had colleries in Bathgate, so it’s possible he was also working for them in 1861 and 1863 when records show him in Bathgate.¹⁹

So, for now, I’ll have to say the evidence is not conclusive. It’s certainly suggestive, but there’s no smoking gun. For research purposes, I plan to keep it as a working assumption. But more work is needed to build a stronger case.

Based on this information do you think James and Alexander are siblings? Do you think that Elizabeth’s father James married both Sarah Craig and Margaret Tatlock or were there two James Buchanans? Leave a comment and let me know what you think.

Notes:

According to various records, Elizabeth (Buchanan) Bonnington was born in:

Ireland³
Shotts, Lanark, Scotland²¹
Neilston, Renfrew, Scotland²²
Chapelhall, Lanark, Scotland²³
Chapelhall, Lanark, Scotland²⁴
Monkland, Lanark, Scotland²⁵

Most of the enumerations place her birthplace in the same general area between Glasgow and Edinburgh. The odd ball locations are Neilston, Renfrewshire (1871) and Ireland (1851). But even these locations provide clues to Elizabeth’s relatives—Neilston to Alexander Buchanan, and Ireland to her parents, sister and presumed uncle Alexander and his wife Elizabeth Kelly.

Friday Find: Smith-Aitken, 1841 Scottish Census

Kris Hocker on 30 Dec 2011

William Aitken household, 1841 Scotland Census

According to the marriage record I found for my ancestors James Smith and Isabella Aitken, they were married 25 Dec 1840 in Carnwath Parish, Lanarkshire, Scotland.¹ This couple has been very difficult to document. After much struggling, I managed to find them in Whitburn, Linlithgow, Scotland in the 1851 census, but hadn’t been able to locate them in the 1841 census.

I also had Isabella’s parent’s names—William Aitken and Marion Brown²—from her 1856 death certificate, but hadn’t been able to locate a birth record or any proof of her parentage. Her brother-in-law William Smith was the informant on her death certificate and I can’t be sure how much he actually knew about her ancestry.

A new search through the records on ScotlandsPeople.gov.uk netted me, not only James and Isabella in the 1841 census, but also her parents and two siblings!

James and Isabella (Aitken) Smith were living with her parents, William and Marion (Brown) Aitken in Auchengray, Carnwath Parish, Lanarkshire in 1841. The household included:

William Aitken, 60, Wright, born in Lanark
Marion Aitken, 60, born in Lanark
John [Aitken], 25, Wright, born in Lanark
George Tweedie, 25, Laborer, born in Lanark
Helen Aitken, 20, born in Lanark
William Tweedie, 2, born in Lanark
James Smith, 25, Ironstone M., not born in Lanark
Isabella Smith, 22, born in Lanark

This information allowed me to also find a birth record for Isabella by both widening the search—searching by surname only—and narrowing the search to only Carnwath parish. That got me one result: Isobel Aitken.

Isabella was born 27 Feb 1816 and baptized 24 Mar 1816 in Carnwath, Lanarkshire, Scotland. So, her age in 1841 was 25, not the 22 as recorded, but age discrepancies like this are quite common in census records. John and Helen Aitken’s ages are incorrect, too. Records found on FamilySearch put John’s birth as 11 Mar 1814 and Helen’s baptism on 19 Aug 1819.

So, with some diligence and a little luck, I was finally able to document my difficult Smith line back one more generation in Scotland! Now to try my luck with Thomas Smith & Agnes Nimmo, James’ parents.

Update: Andrew Hoover Jr. of Fayette County

Kris Hocker on 10 Mar 2010

One of the pieces of data I have for Andrew Hoover Jr. has intrigued and perplexed me. During her research in this Hoover family, Luella Schuamburg Hoover was sent a deed from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in which Andrew named Yost Herbaugh as his attorney to receive from Catherine Liebrich, relict of Nicholas Liebrich, late of Raffow Township (Rapho Township), Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, “three bonds due from John John [Hans] of Menallen Township… unto me two of which are for the sum of Twenty-five pounds.”¹ I’ve always wondered who was Catherine Liebrich and what was her relationship to Andrew?

Today, I decided to poke around and see if I could discover more about the Liebrich family. I got lucky and found a site put together by David Hartzell Leebrick. From it I learned that Nicholas Liebrich, Andrew Hoover, and Philip Brown purchased land from John Hans in 1784, adjoining property of Christian Frederick, Ulrich Gingrich, Matthias Hoffart, Jacob Hoober, John Painter, and Andrew Hype.² I also discovered that my speculation regarding Catharine Liebrich being the mother or mother-in-law of Andrew Hoover was NOT true. Both Nicholas and Catharina were contemporaries of Andrew and the marriages of all their daughters have been accounted for. So, if she wasn’t his mother remarried or his mother-in-law, who was she? Why did Andrew Hoover from Wharton Township, Fayette County purchase land with Nicholas Liebrich of Manheim Township, Lancaster County and Philip Brown? The mystery deepened.

Although the Liebrich site included source data for the birth dates of the Liebrich children—John, Philip, Daniel, George, Elizabeth, Catharine, Mary, and Salome (also called Sarah)—I decided to check John Humphrey’s “Pennsylvania Births: Lancaster County 1723-1777” and “Pennsylvania Births: Lancaster County 1778-1800” for their birth/baptism information. Instead I found Catharine’s maiden name. The listing for Nicholas and Catharine’s daughter Maria includes the names of her parents as “Nichol. Liebrich and Catharina Hansin,” the “in” being a suffix indicative of a female.³

Thinking that John Hans was perhaps, then, Catharina’s father, I searched for additional deeds for John Hans, hoping he died intestate and thus deeds might reflect the settling of his estate and name his heirs. Instead, I found a deed from John Hans in which he sold land that he had inherited from his father Henry Hans, that by its boundary definition, looked to be the exact piece of land that was sold to Nicholas Liebrich, Andrew Hoover and Philip Brown in 1784.⁴

So, I went looking for deeds granted by Henry Hans and got lucky. I found a deed from Henry Hans’ heirs to John Hans in which “Catharine Hans wife of Nicholas Liebrich of the Town of Manheim and the County of Lancaster, Maria Hans wife of Andrew Hoover in Fayat [sic] County, Mansion [sic] Township, Barbara Hans wife of Philip Brown in Paxton Township, Elizabeth daughters and Sons in Laws all of the deceased Henry Hans and Province of Pennsylvania” released their rights in the property to John Hans the “son of the deceased Henry Hans.”⁵ Additionally, there was another quitclaim for this property from Maria Huber to John Hans dated 1788, because although Andrew and Maria were included in the prior deed and Andrew signed it, “yet by Neglect or otherwise she [Maria] did not sign and execute the same.” ⁶ This quitclaim was witnessed by Alexander McClean and Silvester Gruber. McClean was a neighbor of the Hoovers in Fayette County.

Thus, after some sleuthing for the Liebrich and Hans families in Lancaster County, I now know that Andrew Hoover Jr. (Andrew¹) of Fayette County married Maria Hans, daughter of Henry Hans of Warwick Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

Next Steps? Andrew Hoover Jr. was allegedly in Fayette County, Pennsylvania by 1770 when his brother Jacob Hoover settled on land in Monongalia County, Virginia (now part of Greene County, Pennsylvania). He purchased land in Westmoreland County in 1775 with his brother-in-law John Hunsaker from John Waller. However, an estimated birth date for Andrew’s son George of 1775-1778 means that Andrew married about 1774. So, when and where did Andrew meet Maria Hans of Warwick Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania?

As far as I know, Andreas Huber Sr. and family never lived in Lancaster County. Did he perhaps move his family there between his sale of his old Frederick County, Maryland property in 1763 and his purchase of other property in 1772? ⁷ If, as I postulate in “Andreas Huber Origins: Trippstadt, Ellerstadt, or Ittlingen?,” Andreas’ brother was Johannes Huber of Manheim Township, did Andreas’ family, perhaps, spend time with him in Lancaster County? What other connections exist between the Fayette County Hoovers and the Lancaster County Hoovers?

All good questions for which I need to find answers. What answers, I wonder, can be found in documents I have yet to find?

John Hoover of Licking County, Ohio

Kris Hocker on 8 Feb 2010

If you recall from my post Hoover Families in Licking County, Ohio I was especially interested in John and Barbara Hoover of Franklin and Newark Townships. John was of interest to me because the census information indicated that he was of the appropriate age to be my John2 Hoover (Andrew1). A review of the Revolutionary Pension files revealed, unfortunately, that this is not the case. The following is a summary of the information I found on John Hoover in his pension file.

John Hoover, a.k.a Johan George Huber, of Licking County, Ohio was born possibly in 1752 in Germany. He claimed in his pension deposition on 28 Apr 1834 that he emigrated from Germany, arriving in Philadelphia in 1775 (he thinks) and was for a short time indentured to Jacob Huber of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in order to pay off his travel expenses. In the fall of 1775 or 1776, he enlisted in the army at Lancaster. He did not speak English and could not—at the time of his deposition—clearly remember the details of his service or his command, except that he was in the battles of Germantown, White Plains in New Jersey, Brandywine, Princeton and Monmouth. He claimed that he was injured by a musketball in the neck, lost one of his eyes, and was taken prisoner in Philadelphia then transported to New York where he spent the rest of the war. ¹

Barbara Hoover’s deposition for his pension in 1838 states that they were married about 1784 in Chester County, Pennsylvania about 29 miles west of Philadelphia near the Red Lion. She states that her marriage information was written down in a Bible her husband owned—alongside the ages of his brothers and sisters, but that it was destroyed by “a little puppy dog when she was out of the house having given it to one of her children to keep it quiet while she was out.” ² John Hoover died in Newark Township on 8 Oct 1834. John and Barbara had fourteen children, the eldest of whom was “fifty-three years of age on the 27th of March [1838].”³

Charles Hoover also appeared and made a deposition. He states that John and Barbara Hoover were husband and wife, and also his father and mother. He also states that he has one older brother and sister, and eleven other brothers and sisters.⁴

Category: Brick Walls